Performance Review Paper

BOTOX UK LTD PERFORMANCE REVIEW FORM Date of Review †¦17th April 2013†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Period Covered †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Oct 2012 – March 2013†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name of Manager †¦Tessa Thomas†¦ Name of employee †¦Angela Marraner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Job Role of Employee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Senior Customer Sales Advisor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please complete and return to your line manager at least 7 days before your review date 1. How do you feel you have performed over the last six months in your role? I feel that my performance is not up to my usual standards, as I have not met my monthly sales targets for the last six months.I feel that my work ethic still feels consistent and I have still been exceeding my customer service targets. I think the lack of sales is due to higher admin work due to the influx of new starters not confident with the processes. 2. What do you feel has gone well over the last six months? I am an excellent team player and have enjoyed the new responsibility of assisting the new starters. This has helped me increase product knowledge and learn how to train.Alongside that my customer service scores are still exceeding and I have successfully maintained excellent after call work where possible. 3. What do you feel has not gone so well? Unfortunately although I have a new found responsibility to assist the new starters, my sales targets over the last six months have not met my usual standard. I have a lot of adhoc work from the new starters and there for this is affecting my sales targets. 4. Please review targets below and explain reasons for any targets not achieved. Months |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb |March | |Actual |? 4,000 |? 5,000 |? 7,,850 |? 3,000 |? 4,000 |? 4,000 | |Achieved |? 2,000 |? 2,500 |? 3,500 |? 1,500 |? 2,000 |? 2,000 | Customer Service Months |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb |March | |Set Target |85% |80% |80% |85% |85% |85% | |Actual |90% |89% |89% |90% |96% |95% | 5. Please highlight any training or development that would benefit you in your role or personal development. †¢ Delegate out new starters work evenly to senior customer advisors Mentoring to supervisor role/Team Leader role. 6. What is your goal for the next year? My aspiration for the next 12 months is to complete my NVQ to become a team leader within the department. |Objective |How it will be measured |Timescale/ Review date | |Met/ Exceed sales targets |Achieved sales targets will be measured |Monitored and reviewed monthly. Overall | | |against sales targets set by floor manager. |review 6 months time. |To work towards a Team Leader position by |By keeping a log of any extra responsibility |6 months to a year | |taking on more responsibility and training. |and training undertaken and reviewing what I | | | |learnt and how I will use this going forward. | | |To hit over 90% on customer service scores |Achieved scores will be mea sured against |Monitored and reviewed monthly. Overall | | |company customer service targets. review in 6 months. | 7. Is there anything other than what we have discussed already that you would like to raise? I would like to find out if I can get support to complete my nvq to better myself at work. 7. Outline agreed actions to overcome any shortfall against targets including such factors as training and development needs, equipment needs or medical support – – – 8 Indicate whether a performance related bonus should be made at current rates. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signed: Line Manager †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Performance Review Paper BOTOX UK LTD PERFORMANCE REVIEW FORM Date of Review †¦17th April 2013†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Period Covered †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Oct 2012 – March 2013†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name of Manager †¦Tessa Thomas†¦ Name of employee †¦Angela Marraner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Job Role of Employee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Senior Customer Sales Advisor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please complete and return to your line manager at least 7 days before your review date 1. How do you feel you have performed over the last six months in your role? I feel that my performance is not up to my usual standards, as I have not met my monthly sales targets for the last six months.I feel that my work ethic still feels consistent and I have still been exceeding my customer service targets. I think the lack of sales is due to higher admin work due to the influx of new starters not confident with the processes. 2. What do you feel has gone well over the last six months? I am an excellent team player and have enjoyed the new responsibility of assisting the new starters. This has helped me increase product knowledge and learn how to train.Alongside that my customer service scores are still exceeding and I have successfully maintained excellent after call work where possible. 3. What do you feel has not gone so well? Unfortunately although I have a new found responsibility to assist the new starters, my sales targets over the last six months have not met my usual standard. I have a lot of adhoc work from the new starters and there for this is affecting my sales targets. 4. Please review targets below and explain reasons for any targets not achieved. Months |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb |March | |Actual |? 4,000 |? 5,000 |? 7,,850 |? 3,000 |? 4,000 |? 4,000 | |Achieved |? 2,000 |? 2,500 |? 3,500 |? 1,500 |? 2,000 |? 2,000 | Customer Service Months |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb |March | |Set Target |85% |80% |80% |85% |85% |85% | |Actual |90% |89% |89% |90% |96% |95% | 5. Please highlight any training or development that would benefit you in your role or personal development. †¢ Delegate out new starters work evenly to senior customer advisors Mentoring to supervisor role/Team Leader role. 6. What is your goal for the next year? My aspiration for the next 12 months is to complete my NVQ to become a team leader within the department. |Objective |How it will be measured |Timescale/ Review date | |Met/ Exceed sales targets |Achieved sales targets will be measured |Monitored and reviewed monthly. Overall | | |against sales targets set by floor manager. |review 6 months time. |To work towards a Team Leader position by |By keeping a log of any extra responsibility |6 months to a year | |taking on more responsibility and training. |and training undertaken and reviewing what I | | | |learnt and how I will use this going forward. | | |To hit over 90% on customer service scores |Achieved scores will be mea sured against |Monitored and reviewed monthly. Overall | | |company customer service targets. review in 6 months. | 7. Is there anything other than what we have discussed already that you would like to raise? I would like to find out if I can get support to complete my nvq to better myself at work. 7. Outline agreed actions to overcome any shortfall against targets including such factors as training and development needs, equipment needs or medical support – – – 8 Indicate whether a performance related bonus should be made at current rates. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signed: Line Manager †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Health And Safety Challenges For Mining Companies Environmental Sciences Essay

Outline some of the cardinal wellness and safety challenges that is faced by a excavation company you are familiar with. The industry has experienced both high effect low frequence events ( catastrophes such as Moura and Gretley ) every bit good as low frequence high events ( such as faux pass, strains and falls ) contribute to the industry ‘s high lost clip hurt rate ( LTIR ) . It has besides had its portion of occupational diseases. Historically, pneumonocosis ( lung disease caused by inspiration of mineral dust ) , asbestosis and mesothelioma have been cardinal countries of concern. Noise, quiver and weariness are issues of important wellness concerns. The direction and control of major jeopardies associated with structural prostrations, fires and detonations are cardinal safety issues of the twenty-four hours.Moura:During the past 40 old ages at that place have been three mining catastrophes in the Moura territory at a cost of 36 lives. The first occurred at Kianga Mine on 20 September 1975. Thirteen mineworkers died from an detonation which was found to hold been initiated by self-generated burning. The mine was sealed and the organic structures of the work forces were ne'er recovered. The 2nd occurred on 16 July 1986 at Moura No 4 Mine when 12 mineworkers died from an detonation idea to hold been initiated by one of two possible beginnings, viz. frictional ignition or a flame safety lamp. The organic structures of the mineworkers, in this instance, were recovered. The tierce of the catastrophes occurred on 7 August 1994 at Moura No 2 Mine. On this juncture eleven mineworkers died as a consequence of an detonation. The mine was sealed and, at this clip, the organic structures have non been recovered. What is the model of the mine safety statute law in your state/country? Since Australia is a federation of provinces, each province sets out its ain Torahs, which include its ain regulative criterions for occupational wellness and safety. At get downing, each province was separate and used the old wellness codifications ( i.e. , statute law ) and criterions from the British system. This system relied to a great extent upon really specific ( i.e. , Numberss based ) system which was easy to implement and simple to understand. However jobs ensured as clip and engineering progressed which led to the wellness and safety reform that began in 1972. The Current Framework for Mine Safety in Australia in 3 ways: Regulations under a general OHS Act ( VIC/SA/TAS/NT ) In separate Mine Safety Acts and Regulations ( WA/QLD ) In separate mine Safety Act and Regulations Subordinate to a general OHS Act ( NSW ) Since Victoria is my province, the undermentioned legalization will be used under 3 chief classs given as below. Dangerous Goods Act Environment Protection ACT Occupational Health and Safety Regulations As per Occupational Health and Safety Regulations: Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. Act No. 107/2004: Enabling act. Sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to occupational wellness and safety ( OHS ) . Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007, Statutory Rule No. 54/2007: Specifies the manner in which a responsibility imposed by the OHS Act must be performed, or prescribe procedural or administrative affairs to back up the OHS Act ( eg requiring licenses for specific activities, the maintaining of records or giving notice ) . WorkSafe Positions: Are guidelines made under subdivision 12 of the OHS Act that province how WorkSafe will use the OHS Act or Regulations or exert discretion under a proviso of the OHS Act or Regulations. WorkSafe Positions are intended to supply certainty to duty holders and other affected parties As per Environment Protection ACT: Version No. 171, Environment Protection Act 1970, No. 8056 of 1970, Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010. This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Environment Protection Act. As per Dangerous Goods Act: This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Dangerous Goods Act. But here separately they all made for single classs as mentioned. Version No. 081 Dangerous Goods Act 1985 No. 10189 of 1985 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010 Version No. 003 Dangerous Goods ( HCDG ) Regulations 2005 S.R. No. 96/2005 Version as at 14 March 2008 Version No. 005 Dangerous Goods ( Storage and Handling ) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 127/2000 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 001 Dangerous Goods ( Transport by Road or Rail ) Regulations 2008 S.R. No. 166/2008 Version as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 013 Dangerous Goods ( Explosives ) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 61/2000 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2009 Robens suggested two cardinal issues were of import in accomplishing high criterions of safety. What are these two key issue? Where in the Act ( or ordinance ) are these two issues addressed in the mine safety statute law of your state/country? In 1972, the British Robens study sought to modify the old codifications of pattern utilizing two base principals. The first rule recognised the demand to unite all the difference OHS Torahs under one system. It was proposed that this would be accomplished by making â€Å" general responsibilities † into one opinion ( Robens Report, para 41 ) . The 2nd rule observed that a ego ordinance theoretical account be implemented where workers and decision makers ‘come together ‘ in order addition the criterions of wellness and safety ( Robens Report, para 41 ) . The Federal Government in 1985 passed statute law to organize the so National Occupational Health and Safety Commission ( NOHSC ) ; though, because Australia is a federation, each state/territory has to sign federal statute law in order to for the committee ( NOHSC ) to be apart of the Commonwealth and hence have any legal evidences. Each province reformed OHS Torahs, based on the Robens theoretical account and beyond. In fact, the OHS operates in a three manner system. The first is the general responsibilities which cover all employees irrespective of occupation position ( Internet Explorer, contracted or non ) and require the employee as practically possible to guarantee a safe working environment. The 2nd are the â€Å" commissariats in ordinances † are compulsory Torahs that are specific to each province. Finally, codifications of pattern are used as counsel which set the criterions for the general responsibility of attention. These aid in puting criterions the responsibility holder is required to place the jeopardies and buttocks and control hazards and hence helps Robens 2nd rule nevertheless there remains some critical spreads. What is the chief end of industrial hygiene? List the four key processes that play a function in accomplishing this end. Main end of Industrial hygiene is risk decrease and/or hazard riddance wherever possible. Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control of workplace environmental jeopardies Specify the undermentioned footings Hazard Hazard Hazard direction Hazard Appraisal Probability Frequency Badness Dose TLV-TWA TLV-STEL Hazard: A jeopardy is any ‘thing ‘ that may do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Besides this is the potency of any agent or substances to do injury, normally ill-health or disease. Hazard: The hazard tells how likely an accident ( An accident is any unexpected or unintended event that may do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings ) will do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Hazard is a map of the type of jeopardy times the sum of exposure ( Risk = Hazard x Exposure ) Hazards direction: The procedure of ordaining general responsibilities of attention in order to extinguish, replacement, or cut down the likeliness of an accident ( i.e. hazard ) through technology or administrative solutions, or through using personal protection equipment ( PPE ) . Hazard Appraisal: Hazard Assessment is the procedure by which a particular hazard is quantified or qualified in order to understand how to pull off a specific jeopardy. It is based upon the consequence that a specific jeopardy may hold, the magnitude of the jeopardy ( I, e, how terrible it may be ) , and the continuance that the jeopardy may impact a individual or belongings. The hazard appraisal helps determine how a jeopardy may be managed and how a hazard may be controlled. Probability: the likeliness for an event to happen. One of the factors that serves as the dependent variable for hazard ( I.e. Risk=Probability * Severity ) or It is a manner of showing cognition or belief that an event will happen or has occurred. In mathematics the construct has been given an exact significance in chance theory, that is used extensively in such countries of survey as mathematics, statistics, finance, gaming, scientific discipline, and doctrine to pull decisions about the likeliness of possible events and the implicit in mechanics of complex systems. Frequency: Frequency is the rate at which a individual may come into contact with a jeopardy over a defined length of clip. Or The figure of times that a periodic map repeats the same sequence of values during a unit fluctuation of the independent variable Badness: Badness is the magnitude, or strength, with which a risky substance is exposed to a individual. It is the dimension for sorting earnestness for Technical support issues. Dose: Is the sum of the jeopardy which we are exposed. It is defined by the concentration of the risky substance times the length of clip a individual is exposed. Dose is the construct of dosage is paramount for occupational hygiene and hazard direction. Dose refers to the sum of a substance to which we are exposed, and is a combination of the concentration of exposure and continuance of exposure. Dose= concentration*duration of exposure TLV-TWA: TLV values by and large refer to a national exposure criterion for a jeopardy ( i.e. chemical, dust, or radiation ) . It is a agency of quantifying the maximal concentrations of a peculiar substance in an country over a specified length of clip, and so using it as a criterion for wellness and safety inspectors and responsibility bearers to utilize as a manner of measuring hazard. TWA is an acronym for clip leaden norm. In this instance, the continuance of contaminant exposure is expressed over an eight hr working twenty-four hours and a five twenty-four hours working hebdomad. In this manner, this exposure criterion incorporates the upper limit and minimal exposure rates a individual experiences during a regular on the job twenty-four hours. The accent of an exposure free clip is implicitly involved ( as would be the instance for noise ) so that certain organic structure thresholds are non passed. TLV-STEL: STEL is an acronym for short term exposure bound. For some substances, a short term exposure criterion is needed since ague and chronic wellness affects may ensue. Alternatively of an eight hr twenty-four hours, this exposure criterion is step over no more than 15 proceedingss. What are the chief airborne contaminants/pollutants that can do health-related jobs at mine sites? The Dust and particulates ( arsenic, lead, quicksilver and etc ) ; The Toxic gases ( C monoxide, sulfur dioxide and etc ) ; The Carcinogens ( asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, and etc ) ; The Flammable gases ( methane and C dioxide and etc ) ; The Radiation toxicant ( radon, U, Th and etc ) ; The Mixture of viruses and bacteriums. For a peculiar legal legal power ( state/country ) what are the legal demands for the concentration of the followers in the general organic structure of airing air flow ( maximal or lower limit ) ? Harmonizing to the HSIS Oxygen Pure O: no limitations Oxygen diflouride: TWA=.05 ppm Methane ( as a gas ) Pure methane: TWA=0, STEL=0 Bromomethane: 5ppm STEL=0 Carbon dioxide In coal mines: TWA= 12,500 ppm STEL= 30000 ppm Regular: TWA= 5000 ppm STEL= 30,000 ppm Carbon monoxide: TWA= 30 ppm STEL=0 Hydrogen sulfide: TWA= 10 ppm STEL= 15ppm Respirable dust ( no silicon oxide ) Coal Dust: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Soapstone: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Vanadium: TWA = 0.05 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Graphite: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Respirable dust ( with silicon oxide ) : TWA= 2 mg/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen: Nitrogen Triflouride: TWA= 10 ppm STEL=0 Azotic Oxide: TWA= 25 ppm STEL=0 Azotic Oxide: TWA=25 ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen dioxide: TWA= 3ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen tetroxide: TWA= 0 STEL=0 Define Dust, list and briefly describe the general preventive steps, which can be used to command or forestall exposure to high dust exposures. Dust caused by the mechanical decomposition of stuff can be defined as a aggregation of solid atoms which: Are dispersed in a gaseous medium ( normally air ) Are able to stay suspended in the air for a comparatively long clip Have a high surface country to volume ratio. So briefly, over the full scope of airborne stuffs, dust by and large has the largest atom size although it can exhibit a broad particulate scope. In general, dust can be defined an merger of assorted particulates ( solid affair ) that can divide and stay in suspension in air. Dust is by and large caused by mechanical weathering through, in the instance of mines, the usage of really big machines ( drills and crushers ) and blasts. Dust can either present an immediate jeopardy ( I, e, oculus annoyance ) or long term wellness effects ( radioactive atoms that stick to respirable dust which are later inhaled ) . Whether the effects are long term or short term, there are a figure of ways that duty callings can command or even extinguish dust. Preventive steps ( Elimination ) : This is the best manner among all. This includes irrigating to cut down dust formation when film editing and boring ; guaranting that cutting equipment is crisp, and utilizing oils to transport mine cuts to an enclosed country. Under these conditions, â€Å" the agencies of control † is through riddance. A concluding piece of equipment is a unsighted hole bore bit which traps the dust generated through an enclosure. Ventilation ( Engineering ) : This is an technology agencies of control dust through a proper airing system. Here the air must be able to be strong plenty to pick up the heavy dust atoms to cut down the sum of dust concentrating in the air or on the land. Dust extraction and filtration systems that pump in the ‘dusty ‘ air, filter out the atoms and so throw out ‘cleaner ‘ air. Removal of employees ( Administrative ) : This is an administrative attack where the employees are fundamentally removed from the jeopardy thereby extinguishing exposure. This is frequently non really practical, particularly in medium/small operations, or in rural operations where all employees are needed, or working rotary motion is non an option. Use of inhalator ( PPE ) : This is the least manner control nevertheless we have no other option. Here a worker uses a inhalator in order to filtrate out the dust, thereby understating hazard by cut downing exposure. However, many inhalators can be excessively heavy or cumbrous to cover with, particularly belowground. Discuss how methane is generated in mines. What are the cardinal hazards associated with methane, and how can the hazards be managed? Methane coevals in mines: This is produced by bacterial and chemical action on organic stuff and is evolved during both the formation of coal and crude oil. One of the most common strata gases. It is non toxic but is unsafe as it can organize an explosive mixture with air. A methane/air mixture normally called firedamp. Methane is normally associated with coal mines but it is besides normally found in other mines which are over or underlain by carbonous formations. Methane is retained within breaks, nothingnesss and pores within stone either as a tight gas or adsorbed on mineral surfaces. When mining disturbs the stone the gas force per unit area gradient set up between the reservoir of methane and the airing system induces flow of methane along natural or excavation induced breaks towards the gap. Key Hazard: Methane has no smell, but it is frequently accompanied by hints of heavier hydrocarbons in the paraffin series, which have a characteristic oily odor. The denseness of methane is a small over half that of air. This gives rise to the danger of methane layering in pools along the roof of belowground gaps. The perkiness of methane can besides do jobs in inclined workings. Methane Burnss in air with a pale blue fire. The explosible scope for methane in air is by and large quoted as 5-15 % with maximal explosibility at 9.8 % . The lower bound remains reasonably changeless, the upper bound reduces as the O content of air falls. To track the flammability of methane air mixtures a coward diagram as shown in figure 2 can be used. With relation to calculate 1: coward Figure 1: The coward diagram for methane in air. In zone A the mixture is non flammable but is likely to go so if farther methane is added. In zone B the mixture is explosive and has a lower limit nose value at 12.2 % O Zones C and D illustrate mixtures that may be in certain countries. Methane beds have two chief jeopardies associated with them: Layers extend the zones within which ignitions can happen When an ignition occurs the methane bed acts as an effectual fuse along which the fire can propagate, sometimes taking to much larger accretions in roof pits or in the mariner. Methane and Carbon dioxide ( mixtures of the two gases ) if mixed with N will do the dangers atmosphere. Because this associated with gas effusions are: Suffocation of mineworkers by gas and dust. Compressed air line of lifes may be maintained on or shut to faces that are prone to effusions. The force of the effusion may damage equipment, doing triping that may light the extremely flammable gas/dust mixture. The sudden enlargement of a big volume of gas can interrupt the airing system of the mine. To command and Manage: To command and pull off the hazard of Methane, foremost of all demand to cognize the beginnings and nature of methane, and how the methane is let go ofing and migrating. And so apprehension of hazards can easy take to larn of the methane hazard direction. The major systems as follows, In its of course happening province in a coal seam, firedamp does non represent an explosive hazard. However, where firedamp released from next seams meets â€Å" fresh-air † in the goaf, the firedamp is diluted and explosive mixtures ( around 5 % to 15 % methane in air ) are formed. Effective firedamp control is indispensable for safe working and involves supplying either: Face-End Ventilation and Gas Control: good designed Ventilation flow avoid the hazard of methane gas. Firedamp Drainage on Retreat Longwalls: Firedamp gaining control efficiencies on longwall faces typically lie between 60 % and 80 % of the entire gas on progressing faces and from 30 % to 60 % of the entire gas on retreat faces. Options and Addendums to Firedamp Drain: There are airing options applicable to some retreat longwall coalfaces which can rid of the demand for dearly-won firedamp drainage. Such methods ( eg. hemophiliac roads and sewer gate systems ) are aimed at deviating gas off from working coalfaces along paths separate from those used to serve the face. Goaf Flushing: Goaf flushing has been used for temporarily betterment of firedamp concentrations in a territory return but it is non a recommended gas control solution. The method is by and large applied to a fully-developed goaf ( Internet Explorer. where sufficient goaf has been created to organize a significant gas reservoir ) . The airing force per unit area across a territory is reduced, after work forces have been withdrawn, leting high gas concentration gas to migrate frontward into the return airway. Transport activities in the chief return may hold to be suspended. Finally, the equilibrium between gas flow into the waste and gas flow into the return is restored, the gas concentration in the territory return being at a higher concentration than earlier due to the reduced air measure. On reconstructing the original air flow, the gas is forced into the goaf, off from the face, therefore cut downing the emanation into the return until equilibrium conditions are one time once mor e obtained. This attack is non advised due to the uncontrolled release of elevated firedamp concentrations into air passages and across electrical equipment. Methane Drain: To bring forth gaseous fuel and/or to cut down methane emanations in to airing system its been used. Methane that is drained demands to be transported safely to the point of bringing, the substructure that is required to accomplish this consists of the followers: Pipe ranges, Proctors, Safety devices, Controls, Extractor pumps Other than all above mentioned, in single states they are following up regulations and ordinances to command and pull off the hazard of Methane. Here is an illustration UK statute law provinces, Electrical power must be switched off when the general organic structure concentration of methane exceeds 1.25 % . If methane concentration exceeds 2 % forces other than those associated with bettering the airing in the country should go forth the country. Discuss the beginnings and hazards associated with arsenic, quicksilver and nitriles. How can the hazards be managed? quicksilver Beginnings: Natural beginnings: Vents Volatilization from oceans Erosion of natural sedimentations Human Activities: Estimated to be 1/3-2/3 of the entire quicksilver released into the environment. Beginnings include: Stack losingss from cinnabar roasting The working and smelting of metals Coal fired power workss Discharges from mines, refineries and mills Combustion of coal and municipal wastes, industrial wastes and boilers Medical waste incinerators Pesticides Overflow from landfills/croplands quicksilver Hazards: Continuity: Can alter signifier, Can non be destroyed Solubility: Cinnabar ( HgS ) is indissoluble ( and resists enduring ) ; Liquid Hg is somewhat soluble in H2O. Bioaccumulation: Hg methylation signifiers CH3Hg+ which is easy absorbed by beings and biomagnifies from the underside to the top of the nutrient concatenation Bioaccumulates ( dressed ores ) in musculus and tissue of fish and other wildlife CH3Hg+ by and large increases by a factor of 10 or less with each measure up the nutrient concatenation Arsenic Beginnings: Arsenopyrite ( FeAsS ) is the most common arsenic mineral in ores and is besides a by-product associated with Cu, gold, Ag, and lead/zinc excavation. Arsenic trioxide ( Fe2As3 ) is present in flue gases from Cu ore roasting coal-burning power workss and incinerators besides may let go of As into ambiance. Water: mean concentration is 1 ppb, but can be & gt ; 1,000 ppb in mining countries ; As+5 most prevailing ; many compounds dissolve in H2O. Arsenic Hazards: Arsenic is a human carcinogen In worlds the primary mark variety meats are the tegument and vascular system birds, animate beings, workss, and freshwater fish can go contaminated Toxicity in H2O is determined by H2O temperature, pH, organic content, phosphate concentration, suspended dirts, presence of oxidizers, and speciation Nitriles Beginnings: Can leach from landfills and cyanide-containing route salts every bit good as to the ambiance from auto fumes ( hydrogen nitrile gas – HCN ) . Some nutrients ( Prunus dulciss and lima beans ) contain nitriles of course It can be produced by some bacteriums, Fungis, and algae Spills: Cyanide and other heavy metal pollutants overflowed a dike at Baia Mare, Romania, polluting 250 stat mis of rivers, and killing 1000000s of fish Most persistent in groundwater & A ; at higher pH Nitriles Hazards Oral lethal dosage of KCN for an grownup is 200 milligram Airborne concentrations of 270 ppm is fatal Long term exposure to lower degrees consequences in bosom strivings, take a breathing troubles, purging, blood alterations, concerns and thyroid secretory organ expansion CN does non bio-accumulate in fish Cyanide hazard Control Methods: Production: Encourage responsible nitrile fabrication by buying from makers who operate in a safe and environmentally protective mode. Transportation system: Protect communities and the environment during cyanide conveyance. Managing and Storage: Protect workers and the environment during nitrile handling and storage. Operationss: Manage cyanide procedure solutions and waste watercourses to protect human wellness and the environment. Decommissioning: Protect communities and the environment from nitrile through development and execution of decommissioning programs for nitrile installations. Worker Safety: Protect workers ‘ wellness and safety from exposure to cyanide Emergency Response: Protect communities and the environment through the development of exigency response schemes and capablenesss. Training: Train workers and exigency response forces to pull off nitrile in a safe and environmentally protective mode. Daily review of leach residue storage pools and shadowings bringing grapevines ; Incident coverage and a system of exigency processs ; Systems for informations recording, rating, reading and coverage ; Procedure technician preparation and consciousness of possible nitrile related jobs, including personal safety and impacts on the environing natural environment ; systematic records direction and certification of carnal mortalities ; Integrating cyanide direction processs into the site Environmental Management Plan which is presently being updated. Arsenic and quicksilver hazard control methods: The above mentioned methods are suited to follow Arsenic and quicksilver every bit good. However in practical universe, it depends upon the harmness, will change to importances of handling. Specify the intent of airing in belowground mines. What types of airings systems are common? The intent for airing in mines is to thin assorted signifiers of gases. These gases could be either a chemical jeopardy ( as in carbon-monoxide and dust ) or explosive physical jeopardies such as methane accretion along the roofs of mine shafts. Ventilation systems frequently come in the signifier of, fans which control air flow arrests and seals will seal escapes in peculiar to older mines Doors and air locks Regulators which is a door with an appropriate transition to keep air force per unit area gradients Aircrossings which allow suction and blowing airing systems to easy by base on balls one another and non let for cross taint Electrical power is normally employed in mines, what work patterns would you specify for the care of electrical equipment? Always to be Maintained, reviewed and modified mine power supply systems. Make certain Consistently inspect machineraries and carry out trials for mistakes and jeopardies Make certain ever the electrical equipment is decently viewed, so that arrange some visible radiations near electrical equipment in belowground mines to guarantee to be seeable. Make certain while Create processs to guarantee noise and electrical jeopardies ; over electromotive forces, current ordinance, noise degree decreases etc. , are maintained to allow legislative criterions. Without excessively much emphasis, seek to supply machinery that can be moved easy that are besides within legislative demands and can provide equal electricity Create an alternate power supply beginning in instance of machinery dislocation which allows to make care activities. For the speedy designation, install proper mine overseas telegrams with appropriate coloring materials coding system. And following safety regulations and ordinances besides makes the good work patterns for the care of electrical equipment. Failure to exert cautiousness may ensue in hurt, so cautiousness must be used when runing or mending electrical equipment When executing electrical work, ever use the proper protective equipment, such as: safety spectacless, protective baseball mitts, and a decently rated metre. State ordinances, Australian Standards and company policies are designed to guard against electrical jeopardies in the excavation industry. So following up those are really indispensable Wet conditions may eat metal electrical constituents and do their failure. Falling stone may damage an electrical overseas telegram or constituent. So need to avoid those sort of unsafe conditions before put ining at specific topographic points or demand to take attention to avoid those jobs. Exercise cautiousness to be used to utilize proper protective equipment when working with batteries. Because batteries could detonate and do hurt or could light and do fires. All have to be cognizant and particularly all electrician decently trained to Be watchful and knowing of the jeopardies of electricity. Make certain ever maintaining attitude tono electrical work can be performed until the electrical circuit is knocked, locked, and tagged. Always make certain the frame land is decently connected. No electrical work shall be performed except by a qualified individual. Circuit surfs and gulfs shall be marked for designation. Circuit interrupting devices or proper fuses, shall be installed to protect against short circuit and overloads. Unpluging devices shall be locked and tagged out. All electrical equipment shall be examined, tested, decently maintained, and consequences recorded as required Your mine employs grapevines to convey the followers: Compressed air Service H2O Methane Run of mine drainage H2O How would you guarantee that each grapevine can be readily identified by a speedy ocular review? Coloring the pipes with different sort of colorss may give solution to this instance. Examples: Blue coloring material for service H2O Red coloring material for Compressed air Green coloring material for Methane Yellow coloring material for mine drainage H2O This manner each pipe is easy visualised in the mine. A mark that demarcates the coloring material coding system will besides be necessary to clear up the coloring material cryptography system. Distinguish, with the usage of illustrations, the difference between major, chronic and minor incidents. What are the legal demands for describing these different types of incidents in your legal power? Incident is a happening of an event that has a non human component to it ( unlike accidents ) . Major incidents: Are sudden alterations which are dramatic, necessitate immediate responses, and are by and large dearly-won and a figure of human deaths. An illustration is methane gas effusions in belowground coal mines. Examples: Major fire, detonation Fatality Structural prostration Major equipment harm Major loss of production Typically cost 1000000s of moneys Chronic Incidents: Are events that result in an hurt ; is related to a figure of causes, and have effects that are lower in magnitude and strength than major incidents. Sometimes these events may do change in the normal processs in mines. Examples: Recuring quality divergence. Recuring equipment failure. System corrosion/erosion. Fleeting emanations. Slips, trips and falls. Minor Incidents: Or near miss incidents which do non involved in any loss or hurt but if a different event occurred, could do hurt or injury. When these incidents happened, the legal demand is 5 stairss: 1. Reporting 2. Gathering the Facts 3. Determine Cause ( s ) 4. Develop and Implement Corrective Action 5. Monitor and Review Discuss four theories of accident causing. Domino theory: It is developed by Herbert Hinrich ( Travelers Insurance Co ) in 1920.Says that hurts occur from actions that interact. The hurts are caused by insecure Acts of the Apostless by workers and are by and large preventable given proper safety preparation. It includes: Injuries arise from a set of complete actions Most hurts arise from insecure Acts of the Apostless Accidents are mostly preventable Insecure Acts of the Apostless can hold ulterior effects vs immediate Management should take control Harmonizing to Heinrich, five factors can take up to an accident: Lineage and societal environment Mistake of a individual Insecure mechanical or physical state of affairss The accident itself ( falls, being hit ) Injury: Typically lacerations and breaks Under this rubric, direction should take control and supply safety to workers. Human Factors Theory: Accidents are caused by human mistake under three chief factors: Overload ( instability in a individuals capacity ) Inappropriate Response: How a individual responds to a state of affairs Inappropriate Activity: Human mistake in judgement, action, way, etc. ) Accident and Incident Theory: Asper this theory, the environment is a cause alternatively of human mistake. The design and excessively high of outlook in work end product are the causes of accidents. Therefore, there is an indirect influence of direction and economic factors ( deadlines, agenda, budget, peer force per unit area etc. ) that can take to bad judgement and therefore accidents. The Accident and Incident Theory proposes a causal relationship exists between direction clime and focal point, and accident causing. Epidemiologic Theory: Accidents are caused by a ) sensitivity features ( cultural, physical charecteristics, societal norms ) B ) Situational characterisitics ( unequal preparation, small counsel, or direction â€Å" clime † ) . Under this theory there is a causing nexus between the environment and societal or mental factors. The Epidemiology theory holds that theoretical accounts used for survey and finding of disease can be utilized for accident causing as good ( a ) What is occupational hearing loss? A signifier of hearing loss due to the disfunction of the auditory nervus, ( i.e. hearing loss ) that is caused by the overexposure to noise degrees of high strength ) . This is besides called acoustic injury hearing loss Specify the footings frequence, strength, dubnium, dubnium ( A ) Frequency: The rate at which sound atoms vibrate through an elastic medium that the ear can comprehend as ‘sound ‘ . Frequency = Cycles per Second = Hertz = Hz 1000 Hz = 1 Kilohertz = 1 kilohertz = Human Voice Intensity: Intensity is the sum of energy going through a unit volume of air during a certain timeframe. dubnium: The dB ( dubnium ) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical measure ( normally power or strength ) relation to a specified or implied mention degree. Amplitude = Loudness = Decibels = dubnium 60 dB = Average Speaking Voice dubnium ( A ) : It is the frequence response curve which is resembles the normal frequence hearing curve for most people. A metre utilizing this web will give a consequence which does hold some resemblance in degree to that degree which is experienced by most people The other manner we can state that, Noise is measured in dBs ( dubnium ) at a certain graduated table, such as A or C. The dB graduated table is logarithmic. That means, with a 5dB exchange rate, 95 dubnium is 100 % more noise than 90 dubnium. Specify the term Daily Noise Dose ; what factors influence this? Daily Noise Dose: The Daily Noise is an exposure criterion that measures the grade a individual working is able to be exposed to resound. Worksafe states that a degree of 85 dubnium ( S ) ( ie not additive criterion ) over 8 hr twenty-four hours ( much like the clip weight norm ( TWA ) exposure standard ) should non be breached, nor a peak degree of 140 dubniums at any specific clip should non be breached ( much like the TLV-STEL ) . If exposure to resound is to happen above these degrees a step of control upon noise is required. Harmonizing the National Institute for Occupational Safety – NIOSH – the day-to-day dosage degree – D – should non be or transcend 100. When the day-to-day noise exposure consists of periods of different noise degrees, the day-to-day dosage can be calculated as: D = ( te1 / td1 + te2 / td2 + †¦ + ten / tdn ) 100 % A A A A A A A A A ( 1 ) where D = day-to-day noise exposure ( % ) Te = exposure clip at a specified noise degree td = maximal continuance clip at a specified noise degree The day-to-day dosage can be converted to an 8-hr Time-Weighted Average -TWA by the expression TWA = 10 log ( D / 100 ) + 85A A A A A A A A ( 2 )

Fair Value accounting Essay

The squabble on the issue of what accounting measurements will be used as the standard for financial instruments had caused the on-going debate with various proponents of accounting standard; even today, proponents of every side argues on the basis of their advantages over the others. Among these contending parties are the proponents of the fair value accounting and those who favored accounting standard based on the historical costs. Hitz (2007, p. 324) pointed out the increasing importance of fair value as an accounting measurement attributes. Hitz stated that today, the â€Å"cost and transaction-based reporting model is in decline and a new market value and event-based model is on the rise† (Hitz, p. 324). Citing the significance of fair value accounting, Hitz mentioned that starting out as a specific remedy for the iniquities of the reporting model for certain financial instruments â€Å"fair value has manifested it self as a dominant measurement paradigm for financial instruments and, more recently, has increasingly been implemented for measurements of non-financial items† (Hitz, 324) such as investment property. On the other hand, while Hitz adhere to the tenets of fair value accounting, he recognized the views of the opponents of fair value accounting particularly the criticism regarding the questionable reliability of fair value measures notably for model-based estimates relying on management’s expectation and projections. However, Hitz asserts that results on empirical research regarding value measurement â€Å"support the incremental value relevance of fair value disclosure for securities (Petroni and Wahlen, 1995; Barth et al., 1996 as cited by Hitz). The Australian accounting standards Board (AASB) though recognizes other accounting standards it recognizes fair value accounting as the main financial instruments which applies in various financial processes and transaction within AASB. The AASB defines Fair value as â€Å"the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction† (p. 21) Fair value has been the standards in evaluating and managing the performances of a group financial assets or financial liabilities. In the ASSB 7, paragraph 9 to 11 and B 4 the ASSB require the entity to provide disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities it has designated at fair value through profit or loss including how it satisfied these conditions (ASSB, p. 17). This clearly indicate that fair value accounting as a financial standard instrument have been effectively use and provide significant contribution to the financial situation. This is clearly reflected in the following statement from the ASSB as follows: â€Å"investment in equity instrument that do not have a quoted market price in an active market, and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured shall not be designated as at fair value through profit or loss† (p. 18). The Fair value of any investment plays an important in determining market condition as the fair value of a particular financial instrument is based on the following factors a. the time value of money, b. the credit risk, c. foreign currency exchange prices, d. commodity prices, e. equity prices, f. volatility, and g. payment risk. Regardless of the accounting standard used, accounting plays an important role in financial reporting. While M. J. Milne’s discussion focus on the importance of accounting in financial management including accounting standards that lead to increases in reported earnings,   citing the arguments of Watt and Zimmerman Milne (2002) puts it â€Å"Managers have greater incentives to choose accounting standards which lower earnings thereby increasing cash flows, firm value, and their welfare, due to tax political, and regulatory considerations than to choose accounting standards which reports higher earnings and, thereby increase their incentive compensation† (p. 372). Obviously, accounting standards contributes to the financial situation not only of the firm that uses such standards but the entire financial realm. In this case, Milne partly hinted as to why trillions of dollars went off the global financial market balance sheets and why asset values experience decline. Milne seem to mean that managers choose accounting standards that reported lower earning yet, it increase the firm’s cash flows, the firm value, and their welfare, due to higher tax and political pressures. In this case the real market value as well as the real earnings were reassigned to somewhere else or as Milne suggest, to cash flows and their value. Given this accounting standard, it is no wonder that management will lobby financial instrument that reduce reported earnings to avoid taxes, regulatory procedures, and all other costs. As Milne stressed, â€Å"ordinarily, managers are predicted to have greater incentives to lobby for accounting standards that lead to increase in reported earnings and thereby management wealth. However, since changes in cash flows and stock prices can also be affected by taxes, regulatory procedures, information costs and political costs, managers also have to consider the effects of reported earnings might have on the likelihood that such costs could be imposed on the firm† (p. 372). The trillions of dollars that were written off the global financial market balance sheets and the massive decline of asset values can therefore be attributed to these factors accompanying this accounting standard, and the commentators were partly right in their opinion regarding this massive decline of asset values. However, this does suggest that that money going to taxes, regulatory procedures, political costs, and information costs are lost money and that regulatory procedure should be viewed as negative for business activities. Regulatory procedures should be viewed in even broader terms that include all forms of social control and influence. Michael Greiffin emphasized that this should also include â€Å"not only the corporations legislative requirement but also other rules and directions, such as professional accounting standards and stock exchange requirements† (p. 2 par. 3). Graffikin pointed out that regulation is considered desirable â€Å"where there windfall profits† – where through some fortuitous event is able to make above â€Å"normal† profits. Regulations should be seen as necessary in the rationalization and coordination of economic activity so as to organize behaviour of industries in an efficient manner (graffikin, p. 3).

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor Research Paper

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor - Research Paper Example Daniel Chester French was born in 1850 and died in 1913 and was recognized as one of the best American sculptors of his time. He was born in New Hampshire to a lawyer and US treasury secretary. His roots were quickly defined in American patriotism with his links and friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Alcott Family. After high school, French attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; however, he left quickly to help his father on the farm. He began painting after being influenced by art work from a visit to New York City and received his first commission for a statue known as â€Å"The Minute Man.† By 1913, French had received a Fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was afterwards consistently recognized for his works. He was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society and was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as other artistic groups. The works he is best known for is the â€Å"Abraham Lincoln† sculpture at the Lincoln Memorial, Pulitzer Prize medal, and â€Å"Statue of the Republic.† Most of French’s works are consistent with the Revolution of America as the main theme as well as the historical aspects of each design. The â€Å"Angel of Death and the Sculptor† is one of a few of the works which French did based on cemetery areas that were in use. The commission came from Boston sculptor Martin Milmore and was based on the memory of his brother, Joseph. The original statue was made in bronze and was caste in Massachusetts. However, it quickly gained wide recognition and was offered a space in the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The replica of the bronze was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1917 and was then re-carved in marble in 1926 to be placed at the memorial2. These concepts were used and recognized as a way of honoring the memorial that was built while basing the memorial around the honor of the Civil War and the independence of America. This was combined with the healing process that was used for the war and in response to the lives that were lost to gain freedom through the land3. The different techniques which were used at this time were a combination of subject matter with basic ideologies which

An Analysis of Charles Darwin's Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An Analysis of Charles Darwin's Works - Essay Example But he was not moved by the studies and found them disinteresting. With the intention of making a career in the Church of England, Darwin went to learn theology at Christ’s College, Cambridge. But he did not have much interest in the subject of theology either. As in Edinburg, also in Christ’s College he did not pay much attention in his studies however he managed to pass the examinations and left Cambridge in 1831 and later became a naturalist with profound interests in geology and life sciences (A Brief History of Charles Darwin). Darwins’ works Barlow observes that â€Å"Charles Darwin’s own reflections on his life and work, written between the ages 67 and 73, must remain an important work of reference, whether in history of ideas or in a portrait gallery of men. He still stands as the leading figure of that revolution in scientific thought which followed the publication of the Origin of Species in the middle of the 19th century, a revolution soon invo lving all realms of knowledge’’ (Barlow 11). After the completion of his studies Darwin devoted his time in exploring the local natural history and different aspects of geology. A turning point in his life can be attributed to an opportunity which he got from John Henslowe who was a professor of Botany in Cambridge. John Henslowe recommended Darwin’s name for a position on a British Navy survey vessel- HMS Beagle. The vessel was dedicated to make a ‘coastal survey expedition’ to South America for two years. The captain of the vessel wanted eagerly to have a naturalist companion on board. Instead of two years the voyage lasted for five long years providing Darwin an immense opportunity to explore South America rigorously with numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, including the Galapagos. Returning from England in 1839, Darwin furnished deep focus on experiments on the specimens and the artifacts which he had collected from the voyage of which develo pment on the ‘species transmutation’ analysis bears much significance. In due course of time, he became quite well known and established his reputation as a renowned naturalist in London. While he was in the voyage in the Beagles’ Darwin minutely noticed various aspects of the morphology and biogeography of several flora and fauna and inferred that the species are similar in various respects. By 1838, his theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest more or less made its foundation. A British naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace was rigorously working in South Asia on the generation of ideas of the evolution of species like Charles Darwin. With the help of his friends Darwin prepared a brief paper and read it before the Royal Society along with the paper of Wallace and in 1859 published his work, On the Origin of species, which was an ignition phase of his accelerating future works. In the remaining part of his life Darwin deeply engrossed himself in the research work and publishing books on evolution of life. Among his other innumerable works few which bears special significance are his works on climbing plants, insect-orchid mutualisms, and earthworms. An epitome of unparalleled intellect, Darwin took his last breath in his Downe House on April 19, 1882 (Guffey). Darwin’s Survival of the Fittest Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest is one of the greatest contributions to the world of science. Variations in the behavior of the organisms gave rise

Educational Policies on Undocumented Immigrants Essay

Educational Policies on Undocumented Immigrants - Essay Example During the 107th Congress in 2001, DREAM Act as a bipartisan legislation, was primarily introduced. Each year, there is evidence of a growing support for the DREAM Act. In the past years, it has gained 48 Senate cosponsors and more than 152 Republic and Democratic House Cosponsors. It has been approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2003-2004 108th Congress, and again in 2006, the DREAM act passed the full Senate as part of a Comprehensive immigration Reform Act of 2006. Under this Act, undocumented students who finished high school will be provided of the opportunity to apply for a conditional status, which can be renewed to a non-conditional green card, granting that they attend college or serve the U.S military for at least 2 years. To be eligible for immigration relief under the DREAM Act, a student must have entered the U.S more than 5 years ago, before the age of 16 or younger and must be able to display good moral reputation. Each year, there are hundreds of thousands of undocumented high school graduates who qualify for the DREAM Act provisions. This population consists of students who were both born and raised in the United States, or students who at an early age were brought and raised by their parents to live in the country. Many of these students excel academically and have displayed unique talents in arts and sports. These are the students hoping to serve the future nation as bankers, educators and health providers. Despite having lived in the U.S for most of their lives, they are confronted with hindrances to obtaining college education, have difficulties finding legal and professional jobs in the U.S, and often have to endure continuous fear of being caught by immigration authorities. While there is currently an increasing support for the DREAM Act, still a number of opposing parties have vetoed. California Governor -Elect Schwarzenegger said he opposed the bill with an emphasis that providing educational benefits to illegal residents posts threats against the General Fund (Cassady).Given this Act, oppositions argue how it does not make logic to use taxpayers' money to educate a work force that is not legal to work in the United States. In contrast, out-of-state students of the country have to pay a full amount for education. This privilege to illegal residents at the expense of the taxpayers is not a good idea at a time when costs of tuition fee are increasing (Kobach). There are also allegations how the DREAM Act defies the federal immigration law. There is a constant concern that this policy might encourage more illegal immigrants to rush into the country and take away the privileges from U.S citizens. In addition, without legal residency, these undocumented im migrants, despite their college degree will find it difficult to obtain quality positions and will end up to lower-paying jobs that they could have acquired without a college degree. On the contrary, the light of the DREAM Act is viewed as an economic progress strategy to lower the increasing rate of undocumented student drop-out. Not helping students attend college will result to much greater costs in the

On Being A Music Therapist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Being A Music Therapist - Essay Example t; highly developed aural awareness; and the ability to make arrangements for unconventional combinations of instruments requiring variable or minimal levels of playing proficiency† (Musictherapyworld.de). A basic knowledge in â€Å"human psychological, physiological and emotional response to music, historical development of music therapy, detailed study of one music therapy approach, wide range of music therapy approaches and their theoretical bases, and the ability to compare contrast and critically evaluate clinical applications† are significant in the practice and application of the profession (Musictherapyworld.de). In becoming a professional MT, one must possess fine personal qualification and attitude such as: being responsible; good in written and oral communication skill; good interpersonal skill; â€Å"knowledgeable in professional and institutional code of ethics, experience in a multi-disciplinary team, sharing and accessing Bachelor degree in music therapy is necessary in acquiring the profession as a music therapist. United States of America is setting a standard in granting the board certificate to MT graduates. â€Å"A music therapist must complete 1200 hours of clinical training in addition to required coursework, research, and passing a nationally accredited certification exam† to be a Board-Certified or MT-BC (Wikipedia.com). The various cultures, practices, and lifestyles have an influence on physical, emotional, and mental aspects of a person. Dealing and living with our high-stressed, busy, and sophisticated technology-oriented environment subject us to sickness, depression, psychological illness and others. Thus, music therapy gives more opportunity in terms of employment and career because everyday more people are having those negative feelings that need to be treated. I have great interest in choosing this career since I have the potential skills in the field of music. I can play guitar and electronic organ and even compose my own songs.

Losses jobs during the recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Losses jobs during the recession - Essay Example Daily there is rapid shedding of jobs. There is a very sharp fall of oil and crop prices. The most affected are the people who do not have a college degree. There is a fall in construction work, retail market in addition to hotel work. Home investors and home owners have suffered great losses that cannot be compared to the social security checks that renters and retirees depend on (Leonhardt, 2009). El Centro city in California State has been adversely affected by the great depression as referred by others. About 22.5 % of its population has suffered from the cruel hand of unemployment. El Centro has not only suffered from the brutality of recession but also from drought. Housing problem has also joined the two troubles the state has. House helps have not escaped the axe of unemployment. Many employers have opted to take their children who are very young to avoid having baby sitters. Those mothers that are no longer employed would rather do the house work than employ house maids. All these developing trends due to the recession are resulting to inequality. The great depression crashed the stock market. This affected the wealthy and the middle class families greatly. Additionally, more people lost jobs and more are on the verge of losing top and well-paying jobs. For example, the study by Leonhardt (2009) reveals that the recession affected the Wall Street employees and so a large percentage of them lost their jobs. In a bid reduce inequality, the Obama administration has taken a stem that franklin Roosevelt took during the 90s depression of increasing the taxes of the wealthy. Critics point out that increasing tax on the rich will only benefit one side, the poor. This step had enormous effects. The third key thing is very important because unlike during the great depression, students do not to leave school to work as labourers in different places. They will pursue education that will in turn help in curbing the loss of jobs during recess. As mentioned

The Fingerprint Identification Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fingerprint Identification - Assignment Example Sometimes differences or dissimilarities may arise from the fingerprint identification process. These differences do not imply that there is no identification. My opinion is that it is not right that there is non-identification. It is a fact that non-identification would not be possible because the print contains so many matching characteristics, for instance, it has a total of 28 ridges structures that are clearly observable. A print with many matching characteristics like this confirms identification. It would thus not have any dissimilarity. The 28 ridge structures in identification are so much and efficient to confirm the presence of an identification in this scenario. Dissimilarity can only be in the prints that are not matching (Leo, 1998). The structures are sufficient matching characteristics hence, can be used to used to make the evaluation to remove the possibility that the giver of the latent print could be someone else. Dissimilarity only shows that there is an inadequate detail to be certain of the detection. Uncertainty may exist in some latent print assessors who are interchanging the terms distortion and dissimilarity. The impact of such misunderstanding may be a loss of credibility when the latent print examiners cannot support their results. The similarities are used to ascertain identity (Leo, 1998). However, dissimilarity proves that two prints are not matching hence; they are not from the same print. When matching characteristics have been found to detect an identity, there cannot be dissimilarities (Leo, 1998). The notion that dissimilarity can be present despite the number of matching features is not applicable. If this were accurate, then there would forever be dissimilarity. This would eventually mean that identification can never be made. Sometimes distortions can also change the manifestation of prints. The distortions can also obstruct the relationship. They are recurrent in all prints.  

Biases and Judgment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biases and Judgment - Essay Example Several biases impact decisions, such as bias, or ethical issues related to the availability heuristic and bias related to the representative heuristic. Bias related to the availability heuristic pertains to being biased for information that is easier to recall and presumed as related (Korte, 2003, p.447). Bias related to the representative heuristic refers to evaluating situations using traits that represent stereotyped beliefs and values (Korte, 2003, p.447). The first judgment bias that I dealt with is related to anchoring and adjustment. Anchoring refers to focusing too much on an â€Å"anchor† or specific value in making decisions (Korte, 2003, p.447). Adjustment of decision-making occurs, when the decision becomes solely or greatly based on this anchor, instead of a wide range of factors (Korte, 2003, p.447). In order to deal with this bias, I used reflective decision-making, with expedient factors. Reflective decision-making pertains to having a long-term approach to decision-making, while expedience requires making fast decisions, often to achieve short-term goals (Hoch & Kunreuther, 2001, p.106). I needed to use reflective thinking, because I wanted to determine the potential anchors that I tend to use during making decisions. For instance, identifying the criteria for establishing an effective and efficient human resource department requires selecting the right factors and weighing them appropriately. I avoided anchoring a nd adjustment by considering different aspects of the problem, such as employee sentiments, resources, and situational factors. The organizations needs a more concrete HR system, but they cannot afford a whole-unit approach to HR. Some people would also not be open to professionalizing their HR systems, because of fear for drastic organizational changes that will upset the status quo. Instead,

Kari Charboneau Competency Statement Essay Example for Free

Kari Charboneau Competency Statement Essay To establish positive and productive relationships with families To establish positive and productive relationships with families I try to make sure I keep an open, honest relationship with them. I feel its important to have my parents feel that they can trust me. I also feel its important they know I have the best interest of their child in mind. Parents need to feel that they are being listened to and that we care enough to work with them in regards to their child’s wellbeing. †¦ CG 4.1 Keeping Families Informed In my center it’s a priority to make sure we are keeping all families informed of all the things that we as a center do as well as their individual child’s daily activities. I would have a welcome packet that includes contact information as well as center information. This would include information such as teacher profiles, center policies etc. I will make it a point to get to know each parent and to establish an open dialect. I would have information as to how they can contact me to discuss any concerns they may have as well as just general information we just share on a daily basis. We would have a monthly newsletter and calendar with center activities on it as well as weekly information in the entry way to remind them of any upcoming events we may have. There will also be daily communication sheets provided for each child describing what their child did throughout the day. Parents will know that they are welcome to stop in or call a t any time to check on their child’s day. CG 4.2 Teaching Practices I believe that by having open conversations with my families they start to trust and with that we have conversations about not only their child but also our own lives outside of the center. Knowing that maybe one parent might be out of town is good information to have. This helps us understand why a child may be having a change in behavior. I will make sure I know the children in my care well enough to notice changes and having a good parent relationship’s will allow me to communicate with them and find out if they notice the changes as well and to see if they have ideas as to why. If it’s not a typical reason we would expect to see a change in behavior from we can then work together to see if we can’t figure  it out and come up with a plan that will help meet that child’s individual needs. There will be a communication sheet written out daily that will highlight their child’s day and at pick up we can then discuss why their child may have had a more difficult day or even the opposite that their child was really happy. We may find out that they have family visiting that the child loves to be around or that Daddy has been out of town for a few days. These are both good reasons to see a change in a child’s normal behavior. Communication is very important in keeping good relationships going.

Companies and the Customers Who Hate Them Essay Example for Free

Companies and the Customers Who Hate Them Essay How can customer dissatisfaction lead to higher profits for the company? Companies have found out that ill-informed customers can be beneficial for them in terms of profits. Some companies have abused their customers intentionally, however others unwittingly exploited and took advantage of them. The Slippery slope: There are two major ways in which companies make profits by misleading their customers: * Offering the customers a broad variety of services or products, which can be very confusing, especially when there is lack of transparency. Moreover, if even the information is complete for the customers, the companies can take advantages of consumers’ difficulties in predicting their needs. * Using fees and penalties for offsetting costs and discouraging undesirable customer behavior. These hostile strategies are common from banking and hotel industries to video stores and car rentals. Here particularly 3 industries will be discussed in details: cell phone industry, retail- banking industry and health club industry. Cell phone industry: When a customer signs up for a service plan, he chooses a certain pricing option with different ranges of minutes. These plans can have various restrictions and allowances. However, these varied plans are not a result of customer-centric strategy. They are rather ways to take advantage of customer’s unawareness of which plan to choose, in the result of which customers can be penalized either for using too much time or for not using enough. However, such strategies cannot always guarantee profits for the company. They can increase the dissatisfaction among customers, the proof of which can be thousands of complaints that the U. S. Federal Communications Commission gets annually. These complaints should be worrisome to companies because customers can switch toward a transparent and friendly alternative. Retail-banking industry: Another sphere in which the company-centric strategy is used is retail-banking industry. For signing up in the checking accounts people are offered dozens of alternatives. If the customers cannot precisely predict their needs, they can have losses. Here are some examples of situations when the banks take advantage over the customers’ ignorance * The customers receive less interest when the consumers’ balances are above the minimum of the balance bucket and if the alances fall below the minimum level, they have to pay some penalties. * Banks usually debit the consumers’ checks in the order of size, rather than in a chronological order, for the rest of the checks to bounce and to cause multiple overdrafts, consequently penalties. The company-centric strategy of banks led to the customers’ dissatisfaction and it became so pervasive that New York congresswoman Carolyn Maloney reintroduced the Consumer Overdraft Protection Fair Practices Act to forbid banks charging overdraft protection fees, unless the customers explicitly are informed about the service. Health club industry: Health clubs tempt customers to sign long-term contracts, knowing that they will rarely visit the club. They realize that all their customers will not completely use the facility and therefore sell more memberships than they have the floor space to accommodate. Moreover, an investigation conducted by the New York City Council concluded that 41% of clubs didn’t explain their fees in writing, 81% didn’t give potential members a contract to read at home and 96% didn’t inform customers of all the ways they could legally cancel a contract. In New Jersey a lot of complaints have brought litigation against almost two dozen health clubs that provided fraudulent contracts. Health clubs require to spend more time to attract new customers because their existing ones try to find a way out. Moreover they even encourage ways to retain customers with reward points for members who work out regularly. The warning signs: According to the research most of the executives are acknowledging the negative effects of the functions described above but they mention that those actions do not represent an intentional strategy. The executives know that because of these negative practices the companies slid down the slippery slope and have difficulties for purchasing on the way back up thus becoming vulnerable for the competitors. For avoiding this practice the executives should ask themselves the questions mentioned bellow. * Are our most profitable customers those who have reasons to be dissatisfied with us? * Do we have rules we want customers to break because doing so generates profits? Do we make it difficult for customers to understand or abide by our rules, and do we actually help customers break them? * Do we depend on contracts to prevent customers from defecting? Climbing back into favor: Effective CEOs are able to recognize the opportunities and eliminate the negative effects which make the company vulnerable. The company centric strategies can cause loss of the target market and profitability in a long-term period, thus many companies prefer being economically sustainable.

Green marketing: Promoting environmentally friendly products

Green marketing: Promoting environmentally friendly products Abstract Green marketing is marketing of products that are environmental safe. Companies market ­ing their green achievements were once a small segment of forward-thinking organisations, but since grown into a group of unlikely advocates that includes an oil company and the worlds largest retailer. Environmental friendly production is vital in running future economies. By nature, plants take carbon dioxide from the air and give oxygen in respiration process. By doing this, they make ecology sensible and sustainable. Companies should stop polluting the environment and make their existence sensible and sustainable. They should go green. This paper discusses what is green marketing, and to what extent are companies inte ­grating its principles into their communications i.e. positioning green and green thinking into their operations? Paper also focuses on what is the effect of green marketing in the satisfaction of the needs and wants of consumers. The challenges in an effort of going green are also put in the paper. Positioning strategies for Green i. e environment-friendly products are suggested in the paper. Keywords: Green marketing, positioning green, environment Introduction According to the American Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached to this term. Other similar terms used are Environmental Marketing and Ecological Marketing Green marketing refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be environmentally friendly in itself or produced and/or packaged in an environmentally friendly way. The obvious assumption of green marketing is that potential consumers will view a product or services greenness as a benefit and base their buying decision accordingly. The not-so-obvious assumption of green marketing is that consumers will be willing to pay more for green products than they would for a less-green comparable alternative product an assumption that, in my opinion, has not been proven conclusively. While green marketing is growing greatly as increasing numbers of consumers are willing to back their environmental consciousnesses with their dollars, it can be dangerous. The public tends to be sceptical of green claims, to begin with and companies can seriously damage their brands and their sales if a green claim is discovered to be false or contradicted by a companys other products or practices. Presenting a product or service as green when its not is called greenwashing. Green marketing can be a very powerful marketing strategy though when its done right. Also Known as: Environmental Marketing, Ecological Marketing, Eco-Marketing. Common Misspellings: Geen marketing, gren marketing. Example: Chads green marketing campaign bombed bec Environmental Product Strategies There are a large number of environmental issues impacting on the production of goods and products. For example: What is the impact of production, sourcing of materials and packaging on the environment? Can minimum levels of packaging and/or environmentally friendly packaging be achieved without compromising product quality or appeal? Supplier practices i.e. are they at least as environmentally friendly as the organisation they are supplying? Environmentally friendly products can increase and decrease production costs; environmentally friendly production may increase costs for organisations and their suppliers but this may be offset by lower fuel bills through energy efficiency measures or an increase in sales caused by a positive product image. An organisation may able to pass increases in production costs (caused by EFS) to consumers. However, this will depend on the level of increase, type of consumer, competitor prices for the same type of product and the strength of the economy. For example during times of recession consumers will place price above many if not all of the factors making up the marketing mix. Environmental Place Strategies All organisations will need to carefully time when their product reaches consumers; exact time of distribution will depend on the product or service being distributed. Such timing may have an environmental implication. Some products will need to reach the consumer shortly after production for example fresh food in order to retain freshness, taste or nutritional value. The fastest method of distribution may damage the environment. Conversely a more environmentally friendly method e.g. via canals may impact on speed of distribution and consequently quality of the product. A method of distribution that combines speed with environmentally friendliness may increase distribution costs as some of these processes are still under development e.g. electric vehicles. In addition to the type of transport used for distribution, an organisation will need to review distribution techniques; For example timing deliveries so that they occur during off peak hours and do not contribute to congestion. Some organisations attempt to make fewer deliveries, whilst others promote concentrated products (e.g. fabric conditioner) as they increase the number of products that can carried in each delivery vehicle. Even if environmentally friendly distribution is not at the top of an organisations list of priorities, government policies may elevate it to the top. Congestion charging and low emission zones have been introduced in the London. Apart from the obvious increase in costs emanating from observance of such policies, a failure to observe environmentally friendly rules and regulations will lead to fines and sanctions and consequently negative publicity. After reviewing internal distribution methods an organisation will need to review supplier and subcontractor distribution as consumers and the media expect organisations claiming environmental credentials to only liaise with other environmentally friendly organisations.. For example do the subcontractors use Bio-fuel? Are the subcontractors actively managing their carbon footprint or energy use? Environmental Promotion Strategies Due to the consumer, celebrity and government appetite for protecting the environment environmentally friendly practices are used as promotional tools. For example the award of ISO 14001 (which certifies that an organisation has certain environmental standards, as certified by an independent external auditing organisation) is often quoted in marketing literature. Product packaging that can be recycled will have a message on the packaging clearly stating the recycling properties for the packaging. Similarly organic products will be labelled, not only on the packaging but also around the shelving displaying the organic produce. Some organisations have sought to reduce costs through the promotion of environmentally friendly strategies. The use of carrier bags has changed dramatically in the UK over the last 2-3 years. Retailers actively promote the benefit of reusable bags as they have many benefits Lower costs for the retailer Consumers feel good as they believe that the use of a reusable bag is helping the environment Fewer carrier bags go to landfill Another example is hotels offering guests the opportunity to engage in fewer linen and towel changes. Such strategy is environmentally friendly as it reduces the use of detergents and energy but it also reduces costs for the hotel and improves corporate image. Some organisations providing products and services which may harm the environment have added off setting methods to their portfolios and marketing literature. The idea behind off setting is that the consumer is offered the opportunity to indirectly engage in an activity (such as tree planting) that benefits the environment and therefore balances/evens out the damage they caused for example through flying. Such schemes attempt to ease the consumers conscience and retain a positive image for the organisation providing the environmentally unfriendly product or service. Environmental Pricing Strategies Throughout this article we have discussed how environmentally friendly strategies can either increase or decrease organisational costs. The ideal marketing mix is a reduction in costs and/or an increased in costs which is exceeded by an increase in profits. Pricing must reflect the demand for the product an incorrectly priced product will reduce demand; this is now further complicated by the impact environmental issues have on pricing. If an organisation is paying more for raw materials because the supplier is environmentally friendly it may decide to pass on this price increase to the consumer, the amount the ideal amount will be dictated by the target consumer. On the other hand companies cutting costs and increasing profits at the expense of the environment may be risking negative publicity, fines, sanctions or may simply lose out to organisations actively promoting their environmentally friendly practices even if such competitors offer more expensive products and services. Summary The environmental marketing mix is becoming extremely important in todays business world. Firms will have to carefully manage this mix if they are to successfully operate in a world which is becoming increasingly aware of climatic changes. Wheres the beef? may not be the most accurate phrase, but its the first that comes to mind. Seriously, thats the only thought I could come up with in the face of this news: McDonalds is swapping out the red in its logo for a deep hunter green to tout its environmental credentials in Europe. From an Associated Press article by Mary MacPherson Lane: About 100 German McDonalds restaurants will make the change by the end of 2009, the company said in a statement Monday. Some franchises in Great Britain and France have already started using the new color scheme behind their Golden Arches. This is not only a German initiative but a Europe-wide initiative, Martin Nowicki, McDonalds Germany spokesman, told The Associated Press. [] The company has warmed to greener practices, including environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel fuel. With this new appearance we want to clarify our responsibility for the preservation of natural resources. In the future we will put an even larger focus on that, Hoger Beek, vice chairman of McDonalds Germany, said in the statement. Leaving aside the fundamental unsustainability of the fast food industry as a whole, this is not to say that there is nothing behind McDonalds claims of environmental action the company is working on green buildings, electric vehicles and published a report earlier this year highlighting its best green efforts. Who are the green consumers? Understanding the demographics of green consumerism can help entrepreneurs explore the environmental market, and home in on likely prospects. Research has shown that green consumers: are sincere in their intentions, with a growing commitment to greener lifestyles; almost always judge their environmental practices as inadequate; do not expect companies to be perfect in order to be considered green. Rather, they look for companies that are taking substantive steps and have made a commitment to improve. However, they also: tend to overstate their green behaviour, including the number of green products they actually use; want environmental protection to be easy, and not to entail major sacrifices; tend to distrust companies environmental claims, unless they have been independently verified; lack knowledge about environmental issues, and tend not to trust themselves to evaluate scientific information about environmental impacts. However, at the same time they are eager to learn, and this means that consumer education is one of the most effective strategies that entrepreneurs can use. The most responsive age group tends to be young adults, many of whom are influenced by their children. In addition, women are a key target for greener products, and often make purchases on behalf of men. The best green customers are people with more money to spend. As a result, the most promising products for greening tend to be at the higher end of the market. The most promising outlets for green products are retail stores frequented by better-off shoppers. In general, green consumers have the education and intellectual orientation to appreciate value; they will understand evidence that is presented in support of environmental claims. In the US, children and teens are generally more concerned than adults about the environment, and are more knowledgeable about green alternatives. Increasingly, they influence their parents purchasing decisions. Equally importantly, millions of them will reach adulthood in the next decade, and gain purchasing power of their own. At the opposite end of the age spectrum, US consumers born before the 1950s are the least green. As their numbers diminish, their share of consumer purchases will dwindle. In Canada, children and parents alike tend to have strong environmental concerns. Older people, too, tend to be active green purchasers.

Cultural Chameleon :: Essays Papers

Cultural Chameleon For me, being late to school meant chasing down taxis at 7:15 am and hurriedly telling the driver, in broken Cantonese, to please hurry. A day of shopping meant searching the Hong Kong market streets for a pair of shoes larger than a size 7 and bargaining for thirty minutes with the shopkeeper to bring the price down to fewer than ten dollars. Lunch with a friend was being the only white girl in a small noodle house tainted by the smell of the ducks and chickens hanging in the window, my voice drowned out by music blaring through Cantonese speakers. Sometime in the five years I had lived in Hong Kong, between speaking a little Cantonese and knowing the downtown streets like the back of my hand, I was promoted from my status as a typical American blonde to a true Hong Kong kid. When I moved away the summer after my sophomore year in high school, I was leaving home and going somewhere completely foreign. Texas. I will always remember the first day of public school. My mom dropped me off at the front of the school, as kids sped by us in their huge SUV’s to viciously snag a parking space. Inside, I was met with a swarm of Abercrombie-clad blondes and brunettes in every hall and at every corner. My thoughts were drowned out by singing of the latest songs on the radio, gossip, and laughter. Seeing as these were people who spoke the same native language as me, who looked the same and sounded the same, you would think that I would finally feel at home and relieved. But I had never felt so foreign in my life. This American culture that my parents called their own, did not at all feel like something that was mine. I was confused by the fact that I felt more at home and at ease in a culture where I stuck out as blatantly different, than in one where I blended in completely. It was this challenge and these feelings that established me as what is commonly referred to as one of the world’s â€Å"Third Culture Kids.† In their book so titled, David C. Pollock and Ruth E. Van Reken describe in detail the concept of what it means to grow up in a culture other than that of your own native culture, and the challenges and emotions that are often met.

Student Republican Party Platform Essay -- Politics Political Science

Preamble The dawn of a new millennium is upon us and we, the Republican Party, are fully prepared to meet the challenges that await us. This past century, due to the resilience and determination of the American people, our country has experienced more growth and prosperity than any other nation in recorded history. However, dark challenges threaten the moral fiber of this great nation. The past eight years, under Clinton’s leadership, the national government has lacked the fortitude to effectively battle the dangerously extremist trends that have gradually forced their way into the American culture. In order for America to be the great nation it once was, the Republican Party must be in power. The Republican Party has a vision that will lead America into the 21st Century. This vision is well grounded in the strong American traditions of family, community and faith in God. We believe that the traditional family is the foundation upon which our great nation was built, and we must strive to protect and support this institution. Our track record in Congress has shown the American people that the Republican Party is able to provide quality leadership. We have addressed important issues such as family values, jobs, education and the welfare of all Americans. We have enacted legislation such as the Defense of Marriage Act to protect the institution of the family from the destructive social forces that threaten its stability. We have also addressed the issue of welfare by requiring that all able-bodied welfare recipients work for their benefits, thereby lessening the financial burden carried by American taxpayers since welfare recipients are now forced to be more responsible for their own livelihood. Welfare is no longe... ...ly decrease after one year if they work less then 20 hours a week. By the second year he/she will be cut from the welfare system. Illegal aliens may only qualify for emergency hospital care. Low-income housing will be provided for welfare recipient for as long as they are receiving benefits; rent fees will be directly deducted from the welfare check. In order to stop the flow of poverty from one generation to another, we, the Republican Party, believe that school choice is an integral part of getting future generations off welfare. The ability to get education outside of ones’ limited world will insure the development of a responsible adult. Welfare was designed to help out Americans in need. Although we encourage this view, some recipients have over stayed their welcome and made welfare into a lifestyle. Our goal as a party is to limit those bad apples.

Animal Testing Discussion Essay -- Ethical Issues, Animal Ethics

The major ancient philosophers, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes, argue that animals lack a moral status because they do not engage in rational thought, are not conscious, and do not behave morally (Wilson, 2001). However, contrary to their beliefs, non-human animals do display the characteristics that Aquinas and Descartes claim qualifies humans for a moral status. In this paper, I will argue that animals should have an equal moral status to that of humans. This is due to the lack of relevant differences between humans and animals in the areas of thinking rationally, having a conscience, and behaving morally. This paper will be organized into three main sections. The first section â€Å"Background Information† will introduce the broader subject of animal ethics. The second section, â€Å"The Argument,† will begin by presenting arguments from philosophers, including Rene Descartes and Thomas Aquinas. In this section, I will discuss why these philosophers refuse to give non-human animals a moral status. Next, I will be supporting the second premise by appealing to recent examples in the animal kingdom, and by referring to arguments from Peter Singer and Robert Garner. Finally, I will conclude in the final section, â€Å"Conclusion,† by asserting that because humans and animals have a lack of relevant differences (with respect to what makes humans moral beings), animals do have a moral status. So, what does the animal ethics issue deal with? First, there are still many problems with the way we treat animals today. It is not an exaggeration, as some say, when animal rights activists point out that humans submit animals to unimaginable atrocities. To test for the safety of a shampoo, for example, rats are subject to ex... ...als may not have exactly the same emotions and interests as humans, but their respective properties must be taken into consideration because every life form must be treated with respect. Finally, as a way to wrap up this paper, I will appeal to a video from Chile that involves a stray dog rescuing a second stray dog (â€Å"Hero Dog†). In this video, a dog spots another dog who had been hit by a car. The dog goes to the middle of the highway and attempts to help the injured dog by using its front paws to drag it to the side of the highway and into safety. The dog had no benefit in helping the second dog. In fact, it put itself in danger because it was crossing a busy highway and could have been hit. Therefore, the dog went above its basic instinct (contrary to Aquinas’s argument that non-human animals act on pure instinct). What can this â€Å"hero† dog’s behavior tell us?

Dehydration Lab Report

Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol February 10, 2013 Introduction This experiment was done to demonstrate the practical use of dehydration reactions and produce three different products. Dehydration reactions are reactions that involve the leaving of an â€Å"-OH† or â€Å"-H† group resulting in the formation of a double bond between two carbons. For the experiment we used 2-Methylcyclohexanol as a beginning reagent to dehydrate and possibly form 3-methylcyclohexene, 1-methylcyclohexene, or methylenecyclohexane.Drierite ® (Calcium Sulfate) was used as a drying agent to help break the alcohol and hydrogen groups from the carbons. Concentrated phosphoric acid was used as a catalyst to help move the reaction towards the products motioned above. To determine the successfulness of the experiment and the amount of product(s) recovered, IR spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography and percent yield calculations were used. Equations and Structures 6. References 1. â€Å"18. Dehydrat ion of 2- Methylcyclohexanol. † Organic Chemistry Lab 2040L. XU Chemistry, n. d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 2. Material Safety Data Sheet 2-Methylcyclohexanol. † Http://www. coleparmer. com/Assets/Msds/97403. htm. Coleparmer, 19 Mar. 1998. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 3. â€Å"Material Safety Data Sheet Methylcyclohexane. † Sciencelab. com. Science Lab, 09 Oct. 2005. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 4. Helmenstine, Anne M. , Ph. D. â€Å"How to Write a LabA  Report. † About. com Chemistry. About. com Guide, n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . 5. â€Å"Theoretical Yield. † Theoretical Yield. Ed. University of Colorado at Boulder. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . 7. Data Chemicals In Experiment| B.P. | Amount Used| **Observations| 2-Methylcyclohexanol| 164-166 °C | 0. 75mL| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. | Calcium Sulfate (Drierite ®)| 1193 °C| Half Hickman Still| White powder that resembled kitty litter. | Phosphoric Acid| 158  °C| Approx. 1mL| Clear liquid & Odorless| 3-Methylcyclohexene| 104 °C| N/A| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. | 1-Methylcyclohexene *| 110 °C| N/A| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. | Methylenecyclohexane| 102 °C| N/A| Colorless liquid that had similar smell to gasoline. *Major Product **Not All Observations were noted in lab manual, many stated are from memory from the experiment. Observations: It took a lot of time for the Hickman Still to display any signs of condensation. The sand bath was adjusted to â€Å"60† power when â€Å"40† did not yield any visible results. The addition of a lid to the Hickman Still seemed to expedite the entire process. Colorless liquid began to collect rapidly in the first section of the Hickman Still. Weight of Vial without Product| 4. 284 grams| Weight of Vial with Product| 4. 550 grams| Weight of Product| 0. 266 grams|Theoretical Yield| 0. 63 grams| Percent Yield of Product| 42% of Produc t was Recovered| GC Interpretation: The GC reading showed 3 peaks that were the products and one blip that is attributed to the air in the system. The different boiling points of the different molecules in the sample cause the different peaks to be expressed in the GC. Of the 3 peaks, 1-Methylcyclohexene proved to be the most abundant product due its large area percentage. Percent Air| Ignore| Percent Methylenecyclohexane| 1. 64555 = 2%| Percent 3-Methylcyclohexene| 17. 97600 = 18%| Percent 1-Methylcyclohexene| 79. 8650 = 80%| IR Spectroscopy Reading of Sample Gas Chromatography Data 8. Calculations 9. Conclusions In conclusion, we were successfully able to dehydrate 2-Methlycyclohexanol to synthesize all three of the above products most notably 1-Methylcyclohexene. Adding approximately 1mL of 83% concentrated phosphoric acid to serve as the catalyst to the starting reagent and using calcium sulfate as a desiccant in the Hickman Still allowed the reaction to occur. The process of ge tting the products to condense on the first section of the Hickman Still took quite a while of time.After the product was collected, IR spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical make up and purity of the product. The IR reading of the product collected in comparison to the IR of the starting reagent 2-Methylcyclohexanol showed in the 3400 cm? 1 that the –OH had went from a broad peak to a small blip. This gives evidence to the degree of successfulness of the dehydration preformed but also shows that some –OH was still in the product. The hypothetical GC data provided for this experiment demonstrates the purity of the sample along with the percent of each molecule found in the product. -Methlcylcohexene proved to be the major product of the reaction due to the 80% area in the GC data and the regions expressed in the IR reading. Due to human errors such as not allowing enough time for the product to collect, using more desiccants than needed, allowing for the tempe rature of the sand bath to reach the boiling point of 2-Methylcyclohexanol or not retrieving the entire product, the percent yield was only 42%. The experiment is considered a success because all the expected products were produced and very little –OH was found in the sample.